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The Shouters
The Shouters, or more properly the Shouters sect (呼喊派), is a label attached by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to an amorphous group within China that was targeted by the government first as counterrevolutionaries and subsequently as a criminal cult after incidents in Dongyang and Yiwu counties in Zhejiang province in February 1982. "The Shouters sect" became the object of waves of arrests in 1983 and again in 1995. Several 1983 publications with ties to the Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) accused the late expatriate Chinese Christian teacher Witness Lee (Li Changshou) of being the leader of "the Shouters sect" and of instigating the disorders. In practice, however, the appellation "the Shouters sect" has been applied far more broadly to many groups that pray openly and audibly and/or do not register or otherwise cooperate with the TSPM. There is considerable reason to doubt the veracity of the reports which led to the condemnation of "the Shouters sect" and the association of them with Witness Lee or the local churches, and the local churches distance themselves from the Shouters.〔.〕〔.〕
==Background==
During the Cultural Revolution of 1966–76, all public practice of religion in the People’s Republic of China was suppressed as part of the attempt to eliminate the Four Olds—old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas.〔Ryan Dunch, "Protestants and the State in Post-Mao China" (M. A. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991), 12.〕〔Arne Sovik, "The Three-Self Documents – a Revaluation," in ''LWF Marxism and China Study'', Document No. 4.1.2.0/01, Nordic Consultation on China, Aarhus, Denmark, Paper No. 1: Conference Report, May 29–31, 1972:3.〕 Red Guard brigades assailed Christians in various parts of China.〔David H. Adeney, ''China: Christian Students Face the Revolution'' (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973), 126.〕 Religion was condemned as a corrupting factor in Chinese society, and many Christians were sent to labor camps and subjected to "re-education."〔Jason Kindopp, "Fragmented Yet Defiant: Protestant Resilience under Chinese Communist Party Rule," ''God and Caesar in China: s of CPolicy Implicationhurch-State Tensions'', Jason Kindopp and Carol Lee Hamrin, eds. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), 126.〕 Religious books, including Bibles and Christian literature, were destroyed.〔G. Thompson Brown, ''Christianity in the People’s Republic of China'', rev. ed. (Atlanta, GA: John Knox Press, 1986), 124.〕 From 1973 the Christian faith began to spread rapidly in some parts of China.〔Alan Hunter and Kim-Kwong Chan, ''Protestantism in Contemporary China'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 68〕 Because the TSPM had itself been disbanded in 1966, this spread took place entirely underground, that is, without government interference. Many "house churches" sprang up, as well as many home meetings associated with local churches organized along the lines of the teachings of Watchman Nee.〔Britt Towery, ''Christianity in Today’s China'' (The Tao Foundation Missionary Heritage Edition, 2000).〕〔Leslie T. Lyall, ''New Spring in China'' (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1980).〕〔Tony Lambert, ''The Resurrection of the Chinese Church'' (Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw, 1994).〕 However, in the absence of Bibles and other Christian literature, parts of China, especially more rural areas, became fertile ground for superstitious and heretical beliefs.〔"Problems in Henan: Reports from Itinerant Preachers," ''China and the Church Today'' 4:2 (1982):2.〕
Following the death of Mao Zedong and the defeat of the Gang of Four, Deng Xiaoping became the de facto leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and of the government of the PRC. In 1978 the Fifth National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China adopted a new constitution, the third in the history of the PRC. As far back as the 1954 constitution, Article 88 guaranteed that "Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief." Nevertheless, after the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, the affirmation in Article 46 of the new constitution that "citizens enjoy freedom to believe in religion and freedom not to believe in religion and to propagate atheism" led many to believe that a new era of religious freedom was dawning.〔.〕 However, the PRC has historically regulated the practice of religion.〔Kim-Kwong Chan and Eric R. Carlson, ''Religious Freedom in China: Policy, Administration, and Regulation'' (Santa Barbara, CA: Institute for the Study of American Religion, 2005).〕〔Christopher Marsh, ''Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival'' (New York: Continuum, 2011).〕〔Yihua Xu, "'Patriotic' Protestants: The Making of an Official Church," ''God and Caesar in China,'' Kindopp and Hamrin, eds., 107-121.〕
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